While thinking about the future, a common feature that is a part of that image is self-driving cars. However, these vehicles might not be as far into the distant future as many might think. Engineers and manufacturers across the world are working tirelessly to develop and eventually boast the first autonomous vehicle in the world.
But what makes a vehicle truly autonomous? Are there different categories of autonomy in the automobile industry?
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Discover a detailed description of the 6 levels of autonomous vehicles.
Founded in 1905 by automotive giants like Henry Ford and Andrew Riker, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International consists of over 120,000 engineers. With the J3016 standard, they have defined six levels of automation: Level 0 to Level 5.
Automation in SAE Level 0
Level 0 features, as the number suggests, no automation. Every task required to run the vehicle and operate other mechanisms is performed by a human.
In this level, the vehicle features no system to assist in the car’s driving. However, there are technological features like collision warning and automated braking that are available.
Most vehicles on the road fall into this category.
Automation in SAE Level 1
Taking the first step towards making autonomous vehicles a reality, Level 1 features a single automated system. It helps the driver by managing steering or controlling acceleration/deceleration.
It is observed in modern cars that have adaptive cruise control. which can safely but automatically adjust the speed of the vehicle. Additionally, it still requires full engagement of the driver.
Automation in SAE Level 2
Level 2 features automation of steering and control of acceleration/deceleration simultaneously under specified conditions. However, it still requires full concentration of the driver at all times.
Automation in SAE Level 3
Finally coming to the level where true automation begins. At this stage, an autonomous vehicle is developed that can function unassisted under certain conditions. However, a driver is still present at all times to take over.
Audi presented the first example of SAE Level 3 automation with their Traffic Jam Pilot. Its role was to manage driving in traffic jams up to 37mph. Thus, it is referred to as conditional automation.
Automation in SAE Level 4
Similar to SAE Level 3, in Level 4 a higher category of automation is experienced but still under specified conditions. The primary difference is that, although a driver is present, they do not need to interfere when the vehicle is operational under specified conditions.
Many business and tech parks are featuring shuttle buses to transport their employees. Since these function within a limited driving environment, they are developed with SAE Level 4 automation.
Automation in SAE Level 5
Level 5 presents full automation. The vehicle is fully autonomous, capable of handling every task. It does not require any sort of human intervention, irrespective of the external environment. Currently, there is no vehicle that matches this level. However, the race to get there is extremely competitive.
